Ei Lalpa Pathian chu Atha (Tiklai paia ei Tongintaina ithung pu thin).

Ki châi luât lei mo a chang tak aw! Ki sinthaw ding oma a inlang, i om hom ki thaw thiam tak loi hi? Thil tul fêka hom atul tham naw a nen hoi tir pu hi?

Sum ni puan hi khawvel a ding chun roithil ihlu feka tia ihlu ve chem khatka ti hom eila inthial naw ning a, sum ni puan chunga ei lung a hnip chun khawvel hi chu bei em em kan a chang chun hmang thiam ding i om ati a chung, beidong ni nih harsatni om thin den hom siala.

Ei beidong ni, harsatni, hreom fêkan ei om chang chai in mo ei Lalpa Pathian hi ei hoi phâk ding? Nin tin voi izakamo tongintai in hun ni hmang thin, Bu nêk taw, Zâl taw, Zînga ei thoia ei tongintai hei itin loi'n azen in lâwmthu hrilna nih ni thil mamo hril na hun ding in hun ni pêk thin bei?

Lalpa Pathian hnianga chun inchong na, Varna, thatna tin reng a om nghâl a, dam na hei, hrisel na zong zong hei hom a om sa den a.

Khawvel hi Pathian hoi loia i hmang hi chu oi naw roi, sum ni puan tin sengloi khop nei hom inla, nang a pepu, ane siampu chu inhnil riai naw rawi Suapui hei.

Lalpa Pathian hi atha, nunbei tak, mi fel tak, mi khawngai thei tak a chang, tiklai homa ei siat na ding ngaitua thin loi a chang nghâl a.

Zam naw rawi, Beidong naw rawi, tongintai tam phot rawi, tongintai eiti aman ni tho pek rit ati, ring chai ring eiti, a hnianga ei ipai innghat eiti. Amen.

Figure of Speech

Figure of Speech

A figure of speech is a word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from its literal definition. It can be a metaphor or simile, designed to make a comparison. It can be the repetition of alliteration or the exaggeration of hyperbole to provide a dramatic effect

Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the beginning sounds of neighboring words.

Examples include:

She sells seashells.

Walter wondered where Winnie was.

Blue baby bonnets bobbed through the bayou.

Nick needed new notebooks.

Fred fried frogs' legs on Friday.

Anaphora
Anaphora is a technique where several phrases or verses begin with the same word or words.

Examples include:

I came, I saw, I conquered. - Julius Caesar

Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition! - King John II, William Shakespeare

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. - A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens

With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right. - Abraham Lincoln

We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end... we shall never surrender. - Winston Churchill

Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds (not just letters) in words that are close together. The sounds don't have to be at the beginning of the word.

Examples include:

A - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore. (Poe)

E - Therefore, all seasons shall be sweet to thee. (Coleridge)

I - From what I've tasted of desire, I hold with those who favor fire. (Frost)

O - Oh hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn. (Wordsworth)

U - Uncertain rustling of each purple curtain (Poe)

Euphemism
Euphemism is a mild, indirect, or vague term that often substitutes a harsh, blunt, or offensive term.

Examples include:

'A little thin on top' instead of 'going bald.'

'Fell of the back of a truck' instead of 'stolen.'

'Letting you go' instead of 'firing you.'

'Passed away' instead of 'died.'

'Economical with the truth' instead of 'liar.'

Hyperbole
Hyperbole uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect.

Examples include:

I've told you to stop a thousand times.

That must have cost a billion dollars.

I could do this forever.

She's older than dirt.

Everybody knows that.

Irony
Irony occurs when there's a marked contrast between what is said and what is meant, or between appearance and reality.

Examples include:

"How nice!" she said, when I told her I had to work all weekend. (Verbal irony)

A traffic cop gets suspended for not paying his parking tickets. (Situational irony)

The Titanic was said to be unsinkable but sank on its first voyage. (Situational irony)

Naming a tiny Chihuahua Brutus. (Verbal irony)

When the audience knows the killer is hiding in a closet in a scary movie, but the actors do not. (Dramatic irony)

Metaphor
A metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike things or ideas.

Examples include:

Heart of stone

Time is money

The world is a stage

She's a night owl

He's an ogre

Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the term for a word that sounds like what it is describing.

Examples include:

Whoosh

Splat

Buzz

Click

Oink

Oxymoron
An oxymoron is two contradictory terms used together.

Examples include:

Peace force

Kosher ham

Jumbo shrimp

Sweet sorrow

Free market

Personification
Personification gives human qualities to non-living things or ideas.

Examples include:

The flowers nodded.

The snowflakes danced.

The thunder grumbled.

The fog crept in.

The wind howled.

Simile
A simile is a comparison between two unlike things using the words "like" or "as."

Examples include:

As slippery as an eel

Like peas in a pod

As blind as a bat

Eats like a pig

As wise as an owl

Synecdoche
Synecdoche occurs when a part is represented by the whole or, conversely, the whole is represented by the part.

Examples include:

Wheels - a car

The police - one policeman

Plastic - credit cards

Coke - any cola drink

Hired hands - workers

Understatement
An understatement occurs when something is said to make something appear less important or less serious.

Examples include:

It's just a scratch - referring to a large dent.

It's a litttle dry and sandy - referring to the driest desert in the world.

The weather is cooler today - referring to sub-zero temperatures.

It was interesting - referring to a bad or difficult experience.

It stings a bit - referring to a serious wound or injury.

Genres in English Literature

Types of Nonfiction:

Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format which tells a story.

Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative.

A Biography is a written account of another person’s life.

An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their person’s life.

Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse.

Genres of Fiction:

Drama is the genre of literature that’s subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way it is represented. This genre is stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.

Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response from the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This genre of literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.

Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.

Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within all genres.

A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people Usually in the form of narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and supernatural tales.

Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.

Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual or imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other planets.

Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not able to support any subplots.
Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life.

Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of “folk” that was handed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is widely held, but false and based on unsubstantiated beliefs.

Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is frightfully shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader.

A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with an here of nonchalance.

Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material.

Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown.

Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of a particular people or that relating to a particular person.

Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot, subplots, themes, with major and minor characters. Fiction of verse is one of the genres of literature in which the narrative is usually presented in blank verse form.

Synonym & Antonym

September 4, 2019

Synonym: A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another lexeme in the same language.

Antonym: Antonyms are words that have contrasting, or opposite, meanings. (a word opposite in meaning to another (e.g. bad and good.)

Synonyms
1. EAGER:
(A) clever
(B) enthusiastic
(C) curious
(D) devoted
Ans. (C)
2. GRUESOME:
(A) hateful
(B) painful
(C) tragic
(D) frightful
Ans. (D)
3. SECURE:
(A) secret
(B) comfortable
(C) safe
(D) independent
Ans. (C)
4. BARBARIAN:
(A) arrogant
(B) impolite
(C) uncivilised
(D) unkind
Ans. (C)
5. LETHAL:
(A) unlawful
(B) deadly
(C) excessive
(D) threatening
Ans. (B)
6. REBATE:
(A) loss
(B) refund
(C) compensation
(D) discount
Ans. (D)
7. FALSE:
(A) defective
(B) untrue
(C) incorrect
(D) inaccurate
Ans. (B)
8. REVISE:
(A) edit
(B) alter
(C) correct
(D) reconsider
Ans. (B)
9. DISTINGUISH:
(A) darken
(B) abolish
(C) differentiate
(D) confuse
Ans. (C)
10. ADMONISH:
(A) threaten
(B) praise
(C) appeal
(D) support
Ans. (A)
11. OBSCENE:
(A) objectionable
(B) indecent
(C) displeasing
(D) condemnable
Ans. (B)
12. AMPLE:
(A) sufficient
(B) swift
(C) detail
(D) huge
Ans. (A)
13. FADE:
(A) suffer
(B) fall
(C) wither
(D) lose
Ans. (C)
14. ELUDE:
(A) confuse
(B) dodge
(C) despair
(D) mislead
Ans. (B)
15. DOCILE:
(A) stubborn
(B) stupid
(C) gentle
(D) vague
Ans. (C)
16. ADMIT:
(A) decide
(B) realise
(C) accept
(D) commit
Ans. (C)
17. IMPROVEMENT:
(A) promotion
(B) advancement
(C) betterment
(D) preference
Ans. (C)
18. RECTIFY:
(A) connect
(B) mend
(C) resolve
(D) solve
Ans. (B)
19. RECALL:
(A) speak
(B) receive
(C) face
(D) remember
Ans. (D)
20. COUNSEL:
(A) correct
(B) publish
(C) oppose
(D) advice
Ans. (D)
21. LATENT:
(A) prompt
(B) lethargic
(C) concealed
(D) apparent
Ans. (C)
22. FORETELL:
(A) explain
(B) predict
(C) assert
(D) observe
Ans. (B)
23. INFINITE:
(A) long
(B) indefinite
(C) endless
(D) vague
Ans. (C)
24. UNIFORMITY:
(A) routine
(B) continuity
(C) stability
(D) consistency
Ans. (D)
25. PILFER:
(A) destroy
(B) damage
(C) steal
(D) snatch
Ans. (C)
Antonyms
26. AUTONOMY:
(A) submissiveness
(B) dependence
(C) subordination
(D) slavery
Ans. (D)
27. LENIENT:
(A) obstinate
(B) annoyed
(C) rude
(D) harsh
Ans. (A)
28. DEEP:
(A) elementary
(B) superficial
(C) shallow
(D) perfunctory
Ans. (C)
29. SPREAD:
(A) subdue
(B) repress
(C) suppress
(D) contract
Ans. (C)
30. MINOR:
(A) heavy
(B) tall
(C) major
(D) big
Ans. (C)
31. LEND:
(A) hire
(B) pawn
(C) cheat
(D) borrow
Ans. (D)
32. PRIDE:
(A) humility
(B) shame
(C) humbleness
(D) debasement
Ans. (A)
33. MAGNIFY:
(A) induce
(B) diminish
(C) destroy
(D) shrink
Ans. (D)
34. CONDENSE:
(A) lengthen
(B) expand
(C) distribute
(D) interpret
Ans. (B)
35. COMPLY:
(A) refuse
(B) agree
(C) disagree
(D) deny
Ans. (A)
36. MALICE:
(A) honour
(B) ecstasy
(C) goodwill
(D) happiness
Ans. (C)
37. EXONERATE:
(A) compel
(B) accuse
(C) imprison
(D) boldness
Ans. (B)
38. HAMPER:
(A) open
(B) release
(C) hold
(D) hasten
Ans. (A)
39. SELDOM:
(A) rarely
(B) daily
(C) often
(D) never
Ans. (C)
40. SUBLIME:
(A) strange
(B) low
(C) ridiculous
(D) mean
Ans. (B)
41. IMPOUND:
(A) release
(B) strengthen
(C) spread
(D) stimulate
Ans. (A)
42. TRAGIC:
(A) funny
(B) comic
(C) light
(D) humorous
Ans. (B)
43. INNOCENT:
(A) sinful
(B) guilty
(C) deadly
(D) corruption
Ans. (B)
44. TEDIOUS:
(A) pleasant
(B) lovely
(C) lively
(D) gay
Ans. (A)
45. CONFESS:
(A) deny
(B) refuse
(C) contest
(D) contend
Ans. (A)
46. SUCCUMB:
(A) curb
(B) resist
(C) injure
(D) shoot
Ans. (B)
47. ACUMEN:
(A) intelligence
(B) imbecility
(C) potentiality
(D) familiarity
Ans. (B)
48. SANCTIFY:
(A) dedicate
(B) patronise
(C) venerate
(D) pollute
Ans. (D)
49. EMBRACE:
(A) suspect
(B) harm
(C) reject
(D) hurt
Ans. (C)
50. SPURIOUS:
(A) false
(B) genuine
(C) simple
(D) systematic
Ans. (B)

Field of Study

Field of Study in English Literature
Mr. Lalliankima Darlong

Phonetics: Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs: their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status.

Phonology: Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. The phonological system of a language includes. an inventory of sounds and their features, and. rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.

Morphology: Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic study today. The term morphology is Greek and is a makeup of morph- meaning ‘shape, form’, and -ology which means ‘the study of something’. Morphology as a sub-discipline of linguistics was named for the first time in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher who used the term for the study of the form of words.
In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes.

Syntax: In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order. The term syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes.

Syntax is the grammatical structure of words and phrases to create coherent sentences.
Examples of Syntax in a Sentence:
The boy jumped happily.
The boy happily jumped.
Happily, the boy jumped.

Vocabulary

Important English Literature Vocabulary

Mr. Lalliankima Darlong

allegory: a short moral story

narrative: consisting of or characterized by the telling of a story

character: an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction

alliteration: use of the same consonant at the beginning of each word

repetition: the continued use of the same word or word pattern

apostrophe: an address to an absent or imaginary person

ballad: a narrative poem of popular origin

stanza: a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem

dialogue: the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction

rhyme: correspondence in the final sounds of two or more lines

rhythm: alternation of stressed and unstressed elements in speech

theme: a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in literary work

symmetry: balance among the parts of something

climax: the decisive moment in a novel or play

denouement: the resolution of the main complication of a literary work

plot: the story that is told, as in a novel, play, movie, etc.

diction: the manner in which something is expressed in words

elegy: a mournful poem; a lament for the dead

epic: a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

setting: the context and environment in which something is situated

epithet: descriptive word or phrase

figurative: not literal

hyperbole: extravagant exaggeration

exaggeration: the act of making something more noticeable than usual

irony: incongruity between what might be expected and what occurs

literal: limited to the explicit meaning of a word or text

lyric: of or relating to poetry that expresses emotion

metaphor: a figure of speech that suggests a non-literal similarity

simile: a figure of speech expressing a resemblance between things

oxymoron: conjoined contradictory terms

paradox: a statement that contradicts itself
pastoral: a literary work idealizing the rural life

pathos: a quality that arouses emotions, especially pity or sorrow

rhetoric: using language effectively to please or persuade

satire: witty language used to convey insults or scorn

soliloquy: a dramatic speech giving the illusion of unspoken reflection

symbol: something visible that represents something invisible

vignette: a brief literary description

Wuthering Heights

'Wuthering Heights'

Some of Emily's earliest known works involve a fictional world called Gondal, which she created with her sister Anne. She wrote both prose and poems about this imaginary place and its inhabitants. Emily also wrote other poems as well. Her sister Charlotte discovered some of Emily's poems and sought to publish them along with her own work and some by Anne. The three sisters used male pen names for their collection—Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Published in 1846, the book only sold a few copies and garnered little attention.

Again publishing as Ellis Bell, Brontë published her defining work, Wuthering Heights, in December 1847. The complex novel explores two families—the Earnshaws and the Lintons—across two generations and their stately homes, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff, an orphan taken in by the Earnshaws, is the driving force between the action in the book. He first motivated by his love for his Catherine Earnshaw, then by his desire for revenge against her for what he believed to be rejection.

Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy

• Introduction:

Thomas Hardy was an English author, novelist and poet, who is mainly known for his contribution in the naturalist movement. Though he always regarded himself as a poet and claimed poems as his first love, they are not as popular as novels composed by him. Hardy's huge popularity lies in the large volume of work, together known as the Wessex stories. These novels, plotted in a semi-fictional place, Wessex outline the lives of people struggling against their passion and the adverse conditions. Most of his works reflect his stoical glumness and sense of cataclysm in human life. As both poet and author, Hardy displayed his mastery in dealing with themes of disappointment in love and life, human suffering and all-powering fate. Most of his works are set in the milieu of social tragedy, injustice and evil laws and often have a fatalistic end, with many of the characters falling prey to the unanticipated conditions. Among his most important works are novels Far from the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native Wessex Tales and A Pair of Blue Eyes.

• Notable Works:

Hardy as a writer is mainly known for his novels. His first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady was written in 1867 and was destroyed when the manuscript was refused publication from a number of publishing houses. After a turbulent first experienced, Hardy anonymously published two novels Desperate Remedies and Under the Greenwood Tree in 1871 and 1872 respectively. His first success as a writer came in 1873, with the release of his first important work A Pair of Blue Eyes. The book was a recollection of his courtship with his first wife Emma.

Another stunning success was the beginning of the series of Wessex Tales which was published after his second novel Far from the Madding Crowd. The novel was first published in 1874 and brought him instant success. He next wrote The Return of the native, published in 1878. Hardy moved with his wife to Max Gate, in a house designed by him where he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge, published in 1886 followed by The Woodlanders (1887) and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891).

Hardy's first volume of poetry, Wessex Poems was published in 1898. Since then, a prodigious output of his poems was published till 1928. Originally wanted to be a poet, Hardy claimed poem as his first priority, though he could not achieve anything of distinct in this genre and it remained overshadowed by his works in prose. Hardy as a poet showed a sharp observation of his surrounding and nature and wrote poems that displayed his affection for natural world. Although like his novels, his poems also carry strain of irony of life, cruel fate and regrets.

Father's in English Literature

Mr.LalliankimaDarlong

•  FOUNDERS AND FATHERS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

1.Geoffrey Chaucer = The Father of English Literature
2.Geoffrey Chaucer = The Father of English Poetry
3.Geoffrey Chaucer = The Father of English Language
4.Geoffrey Chaucer = The Morning Star of the Renaissance
5.Geoffrey Chaucer = The First National Poet
6.Venerable Bede = The Father of English Learning.
7.Venerable Bede = The Father of English History
8.King Alfred the Great = The Father of English Prose
9.Aeschylus = The Father of Tragedy
10.Nicholas Udall = The First English Comedy Writer
11.Edmund Spenser = The Poet’s poet (by Charles Lamb)
12.Edmund Spenser = The Child of Renaissance
13.Edmund Spenser = The Bridge between Renaissance and Reformation
14.Gutenberg = The Father of Printing
15.William Caxton = Father of English Press
16.Francis Bacon = The Father of English Essay
17.John Wycliffe = The Morning Star of the Reformation
18.Christopher Marlowe = The Father of English Tragedy
19.William Shakespeare = Bard of Avon
20.William Shakespeare = The Father of English Drama
21.William Shakespeare = Sweet Swan of Avon
22.William Shakespeare = The Bard
23.Robert Burns = The Bard of Ayrshire (Scotland)
24.Robert Burns = The National Poet of Scotland